DISCOVERIES September 3, 2009

PART OF CELL	DISCOVERED BY
CELL	R.HOOK
NEUCLEUS	R.BROWN
LIVING CELL	LEEWENHOKE
PLASSMA MEMBRANE	R.BROWN
RIBOSOME	PLADE
GOLGI APPRATUS	CAMMILO GOLGI
MITOCHONDRIA	KOLLIKER
CELL WALL	R.HOOK
PROTOPLASM	DUDARJIN
LYSOSYME	CD DUVE
CELL THEORY	SCHELDIAN &SCHWAN
CHROMOSOME	MISCHER
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM	PORTER

Economics Watch September 3, 2009

ICOR: INCREMENTAL CAPIAL OUTPUT RATIO Ø IT ESTABLISH RELATIONSHIP INCREASE ININVESTMENT & RESULTANT OF THE OUTPUT Ø SHOW HOW MUCH OUTPUT CAN BE INCREASED BY INCREASING THE INVESTMENT PER UNIT Ø IT IS INVERSLY PERPOTIONAL TO THE PRODUCTIVITY Ø ICOR=INVESTMENT/GROWTH RATE Ø PLAN INVESTMENT TARGET 28.41 Ø GROWTH RATE 7.93 Ø THERE FORE ICOR = 28.41/4.93=4.53 SECTOR WISE DISTRIBUTION OF GDP sector 1951-52 1990-91 2007-08 Agriculture 59.5% 34.9% 17.3% Industry 13.3% 24.5% 26.7% services 27.5% 40.6% 56% PLANS IN INDIA IN BERIEF NO.1 TIME DURATION MODEL GROWTHRATE OBJECTIVES TARGET ACTUAL 1 1951-56 HARROD DOMAR 2.1 3.6 DEVVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTRE 2 56-61 MAHALANOBIS 4.5 4.6 RAPID NDUSTRILIZATION 3 61-66 JOHN SANDY 5.6 2.7 SELF RELIANCE AND STABILTY 66-69 PLAN HOLIDAY 4 1969-1974 ALLEN MANNE& ASHOK RUDRA 5.7 3.3 SELF RELIANCE AND STABILTY 5 74-79 PC 4.4 4.8 EMPLOYMENT, REMOVE POVERTY 6 79-80 1981-85 PC 5.2 5.5 VILLAGE & COTTAGE INDUSTRY 7 1985-90 PC 5 6 LIBERALIZATION, MODERANISTION 1990-92 PLAN HOLIDAY 6.7 8 1992-97 JOHN MILLER LIBERLIZED 5.6 5.4 HUMAN RESOURCE DEVLOPMENT 9 1997-2002 PC 6.5 GROWTRH AND SOCIAL EQUITY h

National income September 3, 2009

Concept of national income National income is calculated by CSO – CENTRAL STATISCAL ORGANISATION FROM 2005 BASE YEAR FOR ANY CALCULATION OF NATIONAL INCOME IS TAKEN AS 1999-2000 BEFORE 2005 BASE YEAR WAS 1993-94 GDP- GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTION GNP-GROSS NATIONAL PRODUTION NNP NET NATIONAL PRODUTION NDP NET DOMESTIC PRODUTION GDP- GDP IS THE SUM TOTAL OF MARKET VALUE OF ALL FINAL GOODS & SERVICES PRODUCED INSIDE THE NATINAL TERRITORY GNP=GDP+INCOME FROM ABROAD DEPRECIATION VALUE OF CONSUMPTION OF FIXED CAPITAL =GDP-NDP NNP=GNP- DEPRECIATION NATIONAL INCOME =GDP-NET TAXES NET TAXES =INDIRECT TAXES –SUBSIDIES NATIONAL INCOME IS CALCULATED IN TWO WAYS ON CURRNT PRICES IN THIS YEAR PRODUTION IS ALCULATED BY CONSIDRING PRESENT PRICE OF GOODS AND SERVICES ON CONSTANT PRICES IN THIS PRICE ON THE BASE YEEAR IS TAKEN AS THE REFERANCE TO CALCULATE THE NATIONAL INCOME PER CAPITA INCOME = NATIONAL INCOME/ POPULATION PPP PURCHASING POWER PARTY INDEX IS CONSTRUCTED BY TAKING INTO ACCOUNT WHAT A UNIT CURRNCY CAN PURCHASE IN ITS OWN COUNTRY PLANNING IN INDIA HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 1. 1934 M.VISVESHVARYA WROTE THE BOOK PLLANED ECONMY 4 INDIA 2. 1938 NATIONAL PLANNING COMMETEE SET UP 3. 1944 BOMBAY PLAN BY 8 INDUSTRIALIST IN BOMBAY 4. 1945 PEOPLE’S PLAN BY MN ROY 5. 1950 SARVODYA PLAN BY JP NARAYAN PLANNING COMMISSION 15 MARCH 1950 CONSTITUTED BY GOI NON CONSTITUTIONAL AND NON STATURY BODY PRIME MINISTER IS EX OFFICO HEAD OF THIS FORMULATES FIVE YEAR PLAN

Biowatch September 3, 2009

GOLGI COMPLEX IT IS FOUND IN ALL EUKARYOTIC CELLS EXCEPT RBC COMPOSED OF PROTEIN LIPIDS & POLYSACCHRIDE ITS MAIN FUNCTION IS CELL SECREATION IT TRANSPORT CERTAIN MATERIAL LIKE PROTEIN & POLY SCCHRIDE IT IS SIMILER IN BOTH PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL IT INVOLVE FORMATION OF LYSOSYME IN PLANT CELLS IT IS CALLED DICTYOSOMES PLASTIDS THESE GENERALLY PIGMENTS & MAY SYNTHESIZED AND ACCUMULATE VARIOUS SUBSTANCE THEY ARE OF THREE TYPES –LEUCOPLAST ,CHROMOPLAST,CHLOROPLAST HOW EVER SOME PLASTIDS ARE DEVOID OF PIGMENT AND THERE FUNCTION IS STORAGE OF MATERIAL THEY R CALLED LEUCOPLAST LECUOPLAST ARE FOUND IN PART OF PLANT WHERE NO LIGH T IS AVAILABLE CHLOROPALST ARE GREEN IN IN COLOUR AND MOST COMMAN THEY HELP IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS CHROMOPLAST ARE VARIOUS COLOURED FOUND IN PETAL ROOT AND FRUITS RED COLOUR OF TOMATO IS DUE TO THEM MITOCHONDRIA THESE R THE SEAT FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND PRODUCE ENERGY THEY ARE REGARDDED AS POWER HOUSE OF CELL ATP SYNTHESIS TAKES PLACE IN MITOCHONDRIA IN LIVER CELL THERE ARE NEAR ABOUT 1400 MITTOCHONDRIA PER CELL THESE ARE COMPOSED OF PROTEIN LIPIDS & A LITTLE AMOUNT OF RNA 40 PERCENT OF ITS COMPOSITION IS ENZYME NO OF MITOCHONDRIA IN PLANT IS LESSER THEN HUMAN AS ATP SYNTHESIS ALSO TAKE PLACE IN CHLOROPLAST CRIESTE IS ITS PART IT HAS F0-F1 COMPLEX KREB CYCLE TRAKES PLACE IN IT LYSOSYME THEY ARE OF FOUR TYPE PRIMARY SECONDRY TATRTARY & RESIDUAL BODY THERE FUNCTION IS TO DISSOLVE SME MATERIAL AND BREAK IT INTO PARTS SO IT HELP IN INFECTION DIGESTION PRIMARY LYSOSOME ARE THAT WHICH IS RECENTLY PRODUCED AND NOT YET USED EVEN SECONDRY LYSOZYME IS THAT WHICH IS JUST STARTED USING RESIDUAL BODIES ARE THAT WHO’S ALL THE ENZYME ARE USED AND IS NOW A WASTE SPHEROSOMES THESE FUNCTION FOR STORAGE OF MATERIAL LIKE LIPID NEUCLEUS o MOSTLY IT IS LOCATED AT CENTER OF CELL o BOUNDED BY DOUBLE MEMBRANE o IT CONTAIN GENETIC MATERIAL SO CONTROL THE WHOLE BODY o ITS COVERING NEUCLEAR MEMBRANE HAS PORES THROUGH WHICH IT COMMUNICATE WITH REST OF CELL o IT HAS NEOCLEOLUS OR AND CHROMTIN o IT MAY BE ONE OR MORE IN NUMBER o IT HAS DNA OR RNA WHICH CAUSES ITS REPLICATION

INDIAN CITIZENSHIP September 3, 2009

citizenship continues THERE ARE TWO CATEGORIES OF CITIZENSHIP OF MIGRANTS OF INDIA 1. COMES TO INDIA BEFORE JULY 19 1948 AND LIVING HERE SINCE THEN 2. MIGRATED AFTER 19 JULY 1948 & REGISTER AS CITIZEN BY GOI CITIZENSHIP OF MIGRANT OF PAKISTAN COMES UNDER ARTICLE 7 IT SAYS THAT THE PERSON MIGRATED TO PAKISTAN AFTER 1ST MARCH AND RETURN BACK SUSEQUNTLY UNDER THE PERMIT PROVIDED BY ATHOURITY OF LAW IS CITIZEN OF INDIA CITIZENSHIP OF PERSONS OF INDIAN ORIGIN RESIDING OVERSEA COMES UNDER THE ARTICLE 8 CITIZENSHIP ACT 1955 PROVIDE VARIOUS METHOD OF CITIZENSHIPAS FOLLOW CITIZENSHIP OF BIRTH CITIZENSHIP OF DESECNT CITIZENSHIP OF REGISTRATION BY THE MARRIAGE CITIZENSHIP BY NEUTRALIUSATION FOR A FOREIGNER WHO APPLY NEUTRLIZATION TO GOI CITIZENSHIP BY INCORPORATION OF TERROTRY CITIZENSHIP COULD BBE LOST BY FOOLOWING MANNNER TERMINATION –BY OPERATION OF LAW WHEN AQUIRE CITIZENSHIP OF OTHER COUNTRY RENUNCIATION- VOULANTRY ACT DEPRIVATION- COMPLETE TERMINATION BY GOI AS PERSON HAS BROKEN AN LAW DUAL CITIZENSHIP · IT MEANS PROVIDING OVERSEA CITIZENSHIP OF INDIA(OCI) TO THOSE PERSON OF INDIAN ORIGIN IN VARIOUS COUNTRY WHO HAVE AQUIRED CITIZENSHIP THERE · THE CITIZENSHIP AMENDMENT 2003 PROVIDE DUAL CITIZENSHIP TO RESIDENCE OF 16 COUNTRY · ACT GIVES OCI TO THOSE WHO · ISOF INDIAN ORIGIN BEING A CITIZEN OF SPECIFIED COUNTRY · WAS CITIZEN OF ININDIA IMMEDATLY BEFORE BECOMING CITIZEN TO THAT COUNTRY · RIGHTS GIVEN UNDER OCI 1. CAN CARYY INDIAN PASSPORT 2. NOT REQUIRE VISA TO ENTER INDIA 3. LEGAL PROTECTION LIKE A CITIZENSHIP 4. RIGHT OF PROPERTY AND INVESTMENT IN INDIA 1. RIGHTS NOT GIVEN TO OCI 1. RIGHT OF VOTING 2. NOT ELEGIBLE TO BECOME MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT 3. NOT HAVE EQUALITY TO GET JOB IN PUBLIC SERVICESFUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ARTICLE 12 TO 15 DEAL WITH FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT CONSTITUTION DOES NOT DEFINE WHAT FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT ARE IT IS AGREED THAT THESE ARE FUNDAMENTAL AND SUPERIOR TO ORDINARY RIGHTS CANNOT BE ALTERED EXCEPT FOR AMENDMENT IN CONSTITUTION THESE RIGHTS INCORPORATES WITH PROVISION OF THE AMERICAN BILL OF RIGHTS & ARE MORE ELEBORATE THEN ANY OTHER NATION THERE ARE SIX FUNDAMENTLE RIGHTS IN INDIA RIGHT OF EQUALITY ARTICLE 14-18 RIGHT OF FREEDOM ARTICLE 19-22 RIGHT AGAINST EXPOLITATION ARTICLE 23-24 RIGHT OF FREEDOM TO RELIGION ARTICLE 25-28 CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHT ARTICLE 29-30 RIGHT OF COUNSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES ARTICLE 32 SEVENTH RIGHT OF PROPERTY IS REMOVED FROM LIST AND IS ORDINARY RIGHT NOW

The general science September 3, 2009

The general science Topic the study cell(PART ONE) There are three main branches of biology · Microbiology · Botany · Zoology Term biology was given by Lamarck and Treveranus Some well known father’s of different biological fields are Father of biology Aristotal Farther of zoology Aristotal Father of botany Theophrastus Father of microbiology Leeuwenhoek Father of medicine Hippocrates Indian Father of medicine Dhanvantri Cell · Robert hook was first to discover dead cell · Living cell was first discovered by Leeuwenhoek · Cell is basic structural and functional unit of life · Cell is divide In two parts Prokaryote This is the cell type in which there is no definite nucleus as DNA not surrounded by a membrane These have no the membrane bound organelle except ribosome These have cell walls made up of murein Eukaryote These cells contain a membrane bound nucleus and have nucleolus & chromosomes These has all cell organelles Cell wall mainly are made of cellulose Basic cell structure Cell is mainly composed of three parts 1. protoplasm 2. organelle 3. nucleus Protoplasm It is the living fluid of the cell It is called the physical basis of life by huxlay It contains 75% OF WATER & other 25 % of different substances containing living and nonliving molecules Cell organelles Endoplasmic reticulum Complex system of membrane bound tubules and flattened sacs It has two types rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum On the rough endoplasmic reticulum there are too many ribosome attached on its surface rough endoplasmic reticulum is completely engaged in protein synthesis so most abundant in cells engaged in active protein synthesis while smooth endoplasmic reticulum is mainly associated with cells engaged with lipid metabolism Ribosome They are the smallest organelle of the cell Site for the cell protein synthesis They are of two type 70 S in prokaryote and 80 s in eukaryote They are not surrounded by any membrane

क्या पता है आपका डिफेन्स के बारे में September 2, 2009

1. The Indian Army has used tanks originally designed and built in many countries. Which of these countries has India never bought tanks or a license for production? Your Answer: Germany India’s tank arsenal, some of it inherited from the British World War 2 stock post-Independence, has included tanks from the above countries, except Germany. While British and French tanks, such as the Centurion and AMX-13, plus a few vintage Shermans, formed the pride of Indian armour in the 50′s and 60′s, Soviet tanks such as the T-55, T-62, T-72 (in large numbers) and most recently the T-90, have formed the majority of India’s armoured corps since the 70′s.

2. What is the nickname of the Vickers MBT operated by the Indian Armor in the 1970s and 1980s? The correct answer was Vijayanta. After the success of the British Centurion tanks against the much-touted M-48 Pattons of the Pakistani Army, in the fields of Punjab in the 1965 Indo-Pak War, the Indian Army decided to go for British made Mark 1 Vickers’ MBT, which was locally renamed as the “Vijayanta” (Victorious tank). Although this tank is in the process of being phased out, there are still 700-800 in inventory, although they are unlikely to be in active use for long. The other options are T-72 (Ajeya), T-90 (Bheeshma) and BMP-2 (Sharath)

3. What is the name of the indigenously developed third generation anti-tank missile to be inducted into the Indian Army in the nest couple of years? The correct answer was Nag. “Nag is a third- generation “fire and forget” anti-tank guided missile with a range of 4 to 6 kilometers. Nag can be mounted on an infantry combat vehicle and helicopter launched version of Nag is also available. Nag is a third generation anti-tank missile system with “fire and forget” and “top attack” capabilities. Capable of defeating modern armour, Nag uses Imaging Infra-Red (IIR) guidance having both day and night capability. The state-of-the-art Imaging Infra Red homing guidance system has lock-on-before-launch capability for day and night operation ” (source:http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/nag.htm) It is said to be superior to the American “Javelin” ATGM in terms of range. It was developed as part of the integrated missiled development plan, which also includes MRBMs, IRBMs and SAMs.

4. The military draft has been imposed 4 times in Independent India. The correct answer was False. India has never imposed the draft since Independence despite having been involved in three and half declared wars with Pakistan, one with China and numerous insurgencies in the North East and Kashmir. It is an all volunteer force of nearly a million men.

5. This regiment, raised in 1949, was the first all class regiment, made by combining the senior most battalions of four senior most infantry regiments. It is the most elite regiment of the Indian Army. Which regiment am I referring to? The correct answer was Brigade of the Guards. “The Brigade of the Guards has been accorded the senior position in the infantry and takes rank first in the arm. Punjab, Grenadiers, Rajputana Rifles and Rajput Regiments provided the battalions that started the Guards. Succeeding battalions were raised by direct recruitment. It’s battalions have formed part of United Nations forces in Gaza (Middle East) and Angola. In addition to the 19 infantry battalions, the Regiment also has two Territorial Army battalions and one Rashtriya Rifles battalion. Guards have made a special name for themselves in the Indian Army, by their combat record and excellence in almost all fields of war and peace. Mechanisation of these battalions is likely to be completed, as only four battalions were left in March 1999. The mechanised battalions of the regiment have already acquired BMP-2 ICVs, anti-tank guided missile launchers and other equipment utilised in mechanized forces. The 19 Guards operates anti-tank guided missiles, while four other battalions operate in the Recce & Support role. These four fight right on the border as frontal support units to the main battalions.” Source:http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Regiments/Guards.html

6. The Punjab regiment is one named after a REGION, the rest are based on CASTE. Among the other regiments based on a region are: Assam Regiment, Rajputana Rifles, Bihar Regiment, etc.

7. Which regiment has the honour of having the most number of Param Vir Chakra (India’s highest medal for gallantry) awardees The correct answer was Grenadiers Regiment. The Grenadiers Regiment, one of the oldest regiments of the Indian Army, has had three PVC awardees in its ranks. Company Quarter Master Havildar Abdul Hamid, 4th Grenadiers was the first recipient of the Param Vir Chakra (Posthumous) for the Regiment in 1965 and the second recipient to get the Param Vir Chakra was Major Hoshiar Singh, 3rd Grenadiers in 1971. Hoshiar Singh retired as a Colonel from the Army and passed away in 1998. The third recipient of this coveted medal, but certainly not the last, was Grenadier Yogender Singh Yadav, 18th Grenadiers in 1999. Source: http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Regiments/Grenadiers.html

8. This weapons system was under a cloud of controversy for the greater part of the 1990s costing Rajiv Gandhi the Prime Ministership, on allegations of corruption in the acqisition of these systems. However, the Kargil War in 1999 showed that these weapons systems were actually well worth the trouble. Your Answer: Bofors guns The Bofors gun purchase was shrouded in a huge controversy after the discovery of certain incriminating documents, which purported that Rajiv Gandhi had received kickbacks for making the deal come through. Also implicated, in a trial currently underway, are the British-Asian businessmen, the Hinduja brothers. However, the Kargil saw the effectiveness of the gun proved tremendously, and a tentative order has been placed for more.

9. Which is the oldest armoured regiment in the Indian Army? The correct answer was President’s Bodyguards. The President’s Bodyguard (PBG), as it is known today, was raised in 1773 at Benares, by then Governor General Warren Hastings, with a strength of 50 picked troopers and horses. This nucleus of the Bodyguard was later augmented by another 50, provided by Raja Chet Singh of Benares, bringing the overall strength of the Bodyguard up to 100 horses and men by the end of that year. The establishment of the Regiment varied through the years, being augmented in times of war and it attained its maximum strength of 1929 all ranks, in the Army List of 1845, just prior to the First Sikh War. The PBG continued to be a select cavalry unit, primarily for the personal and battlefield security of the Governor General. The President’s Bodyguard has the unique distinction of being the only military unit in the Indian Army, privileged to carry the President’s Silver Trumpet and Trumpet Banner.” Source: http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Regiments2/PBG.html

10. Who was appointed the Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army in June 2005? The correct answer was Joginder Jaswant Singh. “General Joginder Jaswant Singh assumed charge of the Indian Army, as the 22nd Chief of Army Staff, on 31 January 2005. Hailing from a family of warriors, he is a third generation soldier. His grandfather served in the 1/67 Punjab Regiment during the Second World War and his father, Colonel J.S. Marwah served in the Indian Army from 1943 to 1973 and is also a veteran of the Second World War. Born on 17 September 1945 in Bahawalpur (now in Pakistan), he is an alumnus of the National Defence Academy (NDA) and was commissioned into the 9 Maratha Light Infantry on 02 August 1964″ Source: http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Army-Chiefs/Chiefs-Army24.html

Total view of India’s military and foreign relations August 29, 2009

1. Since its independence in 1947, India has maintained cordial relationships with most nations.
2. It took a leading role in the 1950s by advocating the independence of European colonies in Africa and Asia.
3. India was involved in two brief military interventions in neighbouring countries – Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka and Operation Cactus in Maldives.
4. India is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement.
5. After the Sino-Indian War and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, India’s relationship with the Soviet Union warmed and continued to remain so until the end of the Cold War.
6. India has fought two wars with Pakistan over the Kashmir dispute.
7. A third war between India and Pakistan in 1971 resulted in the creation of Bangladesh (then East Pakistan).
8. Additional skirmishes have taken place between the two nations over the Siachen Glacier.
9. In 1999, India and Pakistan fought an undeclared war over Kargil.
10. In recent years, India has played an influential role in the SAARC, and the WTO
11. India has provided as many as 55,000 Indian military and police personnel to serve in thirty-five UN peace keeping operations across four continents.
12. Despite criticism and military sanctions, India has consistently refused to sign the CTBT and the NPT, preferring instead to maintain sovereignty over its nuclear program.
13. Recent overtures by the Indian government have strengthened relations with the United States, China and Pakistan.
14. In the economic sphere, India has close relationships with other developing nations in South America, Asia and Africa.
15. India maintains the third-largest military force in the world, which consists of the Indian Army, Navy, Air Force and auxiliary forces such as the Paramilitary Forces, the Coast Guard, and the Strategic Forces Command.
16. The President of India is the supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces.
17. India maintains close defence cooperation with Russia, Israel and France, who are the chief suppliers of arms.
18. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) oversees indigenous development of sophisticated arms and military equipment, including ballistic missiles, fighter aircraft and main battle tanks, to reduce India’s dependence on foreign imports.
19. India became a nuclear power in 1974 after conducting an initial nuclear test, Operation Smiling Buddha and further underground testing in 1998.
20. India maintains a “no first use” nuclear policy.
21. On 10 October, 2008 Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement was signed, prior to which India received IAEA and NSG waivers, ending restrictions on nuclear technology commerce with which India became de facto sixth nuclear power in world.

TYPES OF WATER REACTORS August 28, 2009

1. PWR – PRESSURIZED WATER REACTORS
- these are reactors cooled & modulated by high pressure liquid water. they are the majority of current reactors, & are generally considered the safest & most reliable technology currently in large scale deployment, although 3 mile island is a reactor of this type. this is thermal neutron reactor design, the newest of which are Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor.

2. BWR – BOILING WATER REACTOR
- these are reactors cooled & moderated by water, under slighlty lower pressure. the water is allowed to boil in the reactor. the thermal; efficiency of these reactors are higher, simpler, potentially more stable & safe. these reactors make up a substantial of modern reactors. this is thermal neutron reactor design. the newest of Advanced Boiling Water Reactor & economic simplified boiling water reactor.

3. PHWR – PRESSURIZED HEAVY WATER REACTOR
- this is Canadian design, these reactors are heavy-water cooled & moderated pressurized water reactors, instead of using a single large pressure vessel as in a PWR, the fuel is contained in hundreds of pressure tubes. these reactors are fuelled with natural uranium & are thermal neutron design. PHWR can be refueled while at full power. this have been built in Canada, Argentina, China, India, Pakistan, Romania, South Africa.

4. RBMK – REAKTOR BOLSHOY MOSHCHNOSTI KANALNIY (high power channel reactor)
- a Soviet Union design , built to provide plutonium as well as power. RBMK are water cooled with a graphite moderator , are in some respects similar to CANDU in that they refuelable on-load & employ a pressure tube design instead of a PWR-style pressure vessel. RBMKs were very unstable & too large to have containment buildings making them dangerous in the case of accident.

THE CHERNOBYL PLANT HAS 4 RBMK REACTORS :
1. AGCR – Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor
2. GCR – Gas Cooled Reactor
3. Monju
4. Aqueous Homogeneous Reactor.

ADVANCED REACTORS :
- integral fast reactor
- pebble bed reactor
- high temperature gas cooled reactor
- SSTAR – small, sealed, transportable autonomous reactor.
- suboritical
- thorium based reactor

GENERTION IV REACTORS :
* gas cooled fast reactor
* lead cooled fast reactor
* moltan salt reactor
* sodium-cooled reactor
* super critical water reactor.

Supreme Court of India August 26, 2009

-In India, the Supreme Court of India was created on January 28, 1950 after the adoption of the Constitution.

-The Supreme Court is a constitutional authority independent from political interference.

-All judgments are binding across all states of India, the exception being the state of Jammu and Kashmir where the Indian Penal Code is not applicable.

-The court rulings take precedence over state High Courts.

-In extremely rare cases such as capital punishment, the decision may be passed on to the President of India for clemency petitions.